Economic Activity and Energy Revision Checklist

1. Economic sectors definitions, examples, LICs and HICs
2. Informal sector vs formal sector employment characteristics, examples, advantages and disadvantages
3. Changing location of tertiary and quaternary sectors
4. Global shift in manufacturing TNCs (more profit by locating their factories on cheap land), transport (faster and cheaper so distance from raw materials/markets is less of an issue), communications (faster and more efficient – contact with factories abroad), energy (national grid systems to provide electricity, which manufacturing relies on), governments, footloose industries
5. Deindustrialisation 
6. Energy demand/supply and the energy gap
7. Renewable and non-renewable sources advantages and disadvantages of each
8. Energy efficiency arguments for and against, ways to be efficient
9. Planning fieldwork good vs bad questionnaires, sampling technique (minimizing bias, random vs stratified), sample size (how many people surveyed), data presentation, conclusion (trends, anomalies), evaluation (quality of questionnaire/sampling technique/data/presentation method etc)

Case studies:

• South Wales (deindustrialisation)
• M4 Corridor (high-tech industry)
• Nissan car assembly plant in Sunderland (re-industrialisation)
• HIC and LIC (decentralization of service industry)

Experiments and Activities You Need To Know How To Describe

The Nature and Variety of Living Organisms

Structures and Functions in Living Organisms

1. Preparation of plant and animal cells (onion and cheek cells for microscope observation)
2. Osmosis in a model cell (Visking tubing – mass)
3. Osmosis in potato cells (potatoes – length)
4. Factors affecting the activity of catalase (raw/boiled/ground liver and hydrogen peroxide – height of froth)
5. What temperature does amylase work best at? (starch suspension, water baths – color of iodine solution)
6. Test for glucose (mixture of food extract and Benedict’s solution in boiling tube in hot water  bath – blue -> yellow/red)
7. Test for starch
8. Measuring the energy values of foods (holding burning food under a boiling tube of water until food is fully burnt – temperature change)

(f) Respiration

1. Respiration in animals and plants (breathing into a tube entering limewater)

(Experiments like this and variations)

(g) Gas exchange in humans

1. Effect of exercise on breathing rate http://www.curriculumonline.ie/en/Post-Primary_Curriculum/Senior_Cycle_Curriculum/Leaving_Certificate_Established/Biology/Biology_Support_Materials/Prescribed_Activities/Detailed_Templates/Investigate_the_effect_of_exercise_on_the_breathing_rate_or_pulse_rate_of_a_human.html

Transport in plants

1. Role of environmental factors in determining the rate of transpiration from a leafy shoot

• effect of wind (distance of fan) – photometer setup
• effect of light (distance of lamp – put a layer of perspex in between) – photometer setup
• effect of humidity (different-sized plastic bags around leaves) – photometer setup

 

Case Study: Deindustrialisation (South Wales) and High-Tech Industries (M4 Corridor)

Deindustrialisation: South Wales

South Wales has experienced both growth and decline as an industrial area.

During the 19^th Century Southern Wales became a vitally important industrial area, for both iron and steel production. The steep valleys, with their fast flowing rivers, provided power and transport. The hills were rich with raw materials, such as coal, iron ore and limestone, and the area was close to the ports of Cardiff and Swansea.

In 1860 there were over 30 iron works in the valleys of South Wales. They provided vital employment for the local villages, which became almost solely dependent on the new industries.

During the next 40 years improvements in the smelting process, meant that the production of iron was replaced by steel manufacture, which was more profitable.The natural resources needed were the same.

By the 1990’s only two steelworks were left in South Wales, and both of them were on the coast. The resources had run out, only one coal-mine remained working and the many small works in the valleys had closed down, causing huge social problems.

The new works were integrated steel works, which imported their raw materials from abroad. These aimed to make the industry more efficient and competitive in a growing world market. Not only is there competition form other countries but also form other materials that are increasingly being used instead of steel. Materials, such as aluminium and plastics.

An example of one is the integrated steel works at Port Talbot. Opened in 1954, it is an integrated steelworks, which is one in which all processes of the steel making industry occur under one roof.

The coal and iron ore deposits of South Wales have long since run out or become too costly to get at, so both of these raw materials are imported from places such as Africa and South America.

Port Talbot has many locational advantages. There is a large area of flat land, near to the sea for importing and exporting purposes. Near by is a large workforce and access to the entire British market through the excellent motorway links. It has created employment opportunities in the area, and has encouraged further investment and growth.

South Wales is experiencing something of a recovery again, thanks to being at one end of the M4 Corridor. Industrial Parks have been established outside of the main cities, to benefit from the large workforce,good transport links and available land.

There have also been government grants and loans made available to encourage industrial location in the area. Companies such as Sony, Bosch and Toyota have all re-located to South Wales.

Hi-tech industry: The M4 Corridor

New industrial regions in Britain have tended to grow up along main communication routes. The best example of this is the “Sunrise Strip”, which takes in the area around motorways such as the M11, M23, M3 and, most importantly, the M4.

These industries are described as being footloose. They have generally grown up over the last 25 years in “growth areas”, along communications routes. Although they do bring prosperity to regions, the new industries actually employ few people in comparison to the older, declining, heavy industries. Traditional location factors have been super-seeded by newer ones.

As access to raw materials is relatively unimportant nowadays, location, although dominated by communications considerations, also can increasingly take into account the social needs of its employees. Thus climatic, scenic, health and entertainment factors have to be included. In turn the industries try to locate near to places where a skilled workforce could be employed, such as around the university towns of Oxford or Cambridge.

The Sunrise Strip has many locational advantages:

1. The motorway system, which allows easy access to all parts of the United Kingdom.
2. Easy access, via the roads, to the Channel Tunnel and ports to allow export abroad.
3. The close proximity of Heathrow, Gatwick, Stanstead and Luton airports, all of which could be used to export products.
4. The skilled workforce found in university towns of Oxford, Cambridge, Reading and Bristol.
5. Close proximity and good access to London, where the major government functions and financial trading occurs.
6. The concentration of other industries means that ideas and knowledge could be shared, there will be a concentration of suitable skilled labour and transport costs may be reduced between agglomerated industries.
7. A very attractive natural environment, which would provide a very pleasant place to live for the workers. Areas such as the Cotswolds and the Mendip Hills are in easy reach of the Sunrise Strip.

Two other good examples of similar new industrial areas are:

1. Silicon Glen in Central Scotland.

2. Silicon Valley in California, USA.

Analysis of Handel “And the Glory of the Lord” (A Guide to the GCSE Music Set Works)

Analysis

The main concept that Handel communicates in this movement is joy, and much of the writing is intended to promote the feeling of optimism found in the text. Let’s have a look at how he does this.

Melody

• Handel states each line of the text with its own melodic idea, resulting in four very different ideas, or motifs, which are each developed throughout the piece, sometimes together, sometimes separately.
• Handel uses both triadic and stepwise melodies, and often follows one with the other by way of contrast. The first motif (“And the glory, the glory of the Lord‟), starting in bar 11, is a good example of this.
• Melodies often rise and fall in contrast with each other – for example, the second motif (“Shall be revealed‟ – starting in bar 17) descends to contrast with the ascending first motif.
• Repetition of small melodic cells is used, such as in the third motif (“And all flesh shall see it together‟), which starts in bar 43. Sometimes these repetitions are in sequence, such as in the second motif (bars 18-19).
• Handel achieves a sense of occasion and dignity by proclaiming the very austere words of the fourth motif (“For the mouth of the Lord hath spoken it‟) on just two notes. This is first seen starting in bar 51.
• These motifs are often combined, so that some voices sing one motif whilst other voices sing another. A good example of this is seen starting in bar 22, where the tenors and sopranos have the first motif, and the altos (followed by the tenors) have the second. In the passage of music starting in bar 93, Handel has three motifs going on at once!

Word setting

• Clever word setting is one of Handel‟s trademarks, and we can see evidence of it in this movement. Handel contrasts syllabic word-setting (e.g. in the first motif, bar 11) with melismatic (e.g. the second motif, starting bar 17).
• Word painting can be seen in the fourth motif (e.g. bars 51-57) where the slow rhythms reflect the importance of the text.

Rhythm and metre

• The movement is in triple time, and has a lively dance-like feel to communicate the joyful mood of the words.
• There are many examples of hemiola, usually as the music approaches an important cadence point, such as bars 9-10.
• The music is driven throughout by an incessant crotchet rhythm in the bass line.
•  The three beats of silence before the final cadence are extremely dramatic.

Harmony and Tonality

• The movement is in the bright key of A major, emphasised by the first motif, which starts with an A major triad and ends with a rising scale to the tonic note.
• Modulations in the movement are to the dominant (E major – e.g. bar 22) and the dominant of the dominant (B major – e.g. bar 74). Handel avoids minor keys and the flatter sounding sub-dominant. The modulations occur at important parts of the movement, dictating its structure. This is known as functional tonality.
• Primary chords (I, IV and V – the major chords) and perfect cadences are extremely common in this movement, adding to its bright, optimistic mood.
• Handel carefully chooses moments to use a more grand-sounding plagal cadence – most striking is the one in the very last bars of the movement.

  Texture

• This is arguably the element that Handel contrasts the most, resulting in a very colourful setting.
• When the altos start, in bar 11, they are alone, but they are answered by the other three vocal parts in homophonic texture, making this opening exchange sound very declamatory. In many of the homophonic sections, it is the basses who have the melody.
• There is much use of imitation, resulting in sections of quite complex polyphonic textures, such as bars 17-22, the first entry of the second motif.
• Handel contrasts the combinations of voices to make the texture colourful and interesting. Bars 22-33 are a good example of this.
• Polyphonic and homophonic textures are contrasted throughout, and Handel often uses homophony to emphasise an important phrase, such as in bar 33, and at the end (when the tempo slows as well).
• Handel contrasts between one, two, three and four-part vocal textures.

Orchestral writing

• Handel uses the orchestra in three main ways – to double the vocal parts, to drive the music forward (especially in the writing for basso continuo) and to provide short interludes between the choral sections.
• The orchestral writing is mainly string-orientated. Section A questions

  In the exam, a short extract from the movement lasting between 30 and 60 seconds will be played five times. Depending on the extract, these are examples of the types of questions you might be asked:

1. How does Handel make the music sound joyful in this section?
2. Complete a very short section of melody (you will be given the rhythm, and it may be one of the four main motifs. You could alternatively be asked to notate an extract of rhythm only).
3. Name the cadence at bar x.
4. What is the key of this extract?
5. To which key does the music modulate at the end of this extract?
6. How does Handel contrast the texture of the choral parts in bar(s) x?
7. What is the name of the melodic/rhythmic/harmonic device in bar(s) x? (See the box to the left/right for a summary of devices).

Devices are compositional “tools‟ used commonly to develop or emphasise a musical idea. Devices found in this set work include:

Melodic devices: sequence, imitation (this also falls under texture).

Rhythmic devices: hemiola.

Harmonic devices: pedal notes, inverted pedal notes, suspensions.

Section B questions

Section B will start with one or two simple, short-answer factual questions about the music or its context – such as:

•   In which musical period was this piece written?
•   In which year was this piece written?
•   In which city was Messiah first performed?
•   What type of movement immediately precedes this chorus?
•   What is an oratorio? (Or what genre of music does Messiah belong to?)

  Then there will be a question demanding a longer answer in prose, worth 10 marks. This will be about one or more of the elements of music, as described above.

  Examples could include:

•   Describe how Handel creates contrast in this movement. Concentrate your answer on melody, rhythm and texture.
•   How does Handel achieve a sense of joy and optimism in this movement? Concentrate your answer on melody, rhythm, harmony and word setting.
•   What features of melody, harmony, rhythm, texture and instrumentation are typical of the Baroque period in this movement?

Structure of a Villus

Epithelium only one cell thick so that there is short distance for active transport and diffusion

Goblet cell produces mucus which protects gut lining against digestion by body’s own enzymes

Capillary transports glucose (from carbohydrate breakdown) and amino acids (from protein breakdown)

Lacteal transports fatty acids and glycerol (from fat breakdown)

Gland lined with cells which produce digestive enzymes including maltase

Vein delivers absorbed products to the liver via the hepatic portal vein

Artery delivers blood to villi

Experiment proving that exhaled air contains more carbon dioxide than inhaled air

(A, B and C refer to the tubes unless specified)

Close end of B. Breathe in. Air from atmosphere enters through A, passes through limewater and enters your mouth (cannot enter through B because closed).

Open end of B and close end of A. Breathe out. Exhaled air passes through limewater in test tube B and exits through B.

Limewater in test tube B (which contained the air you exhaled) turns milky much faster than in test tube A (which contained the air you inhaled).

Notes on Handel’s “And the Glory of the Lord”

Modulations

The modulations happen in this order (all major keys): A-E, E-A, A-E, E-B, B-E, E-A or think of it this way: AEAEBEA

• Modulation 1 (from A major to E major) happens around when Idea 2 (“shall be revealed”) comes in for the first time

• Modulation 2 (from E major to A major) happens at the end of the orchestral link just before Idea 3 (“and all flesh shall see it together”) comes in for the first time – at the start of Idea 3, the key is already A major

• Modulations 3 and 4 (from A major to E major straight to B major) happen about 7 bars/seconds after the sopranos sing Idea 4 (“for the mouth…”). NOTE: THE MODULATIONS BETWEEN THE 3 CHORDS LITERALLY HAPPEN WITHIN 3 BARS. A short orchestral link happens a while after this and it is still in B major.

• *Modulation 5 happens somewhere around here from B major to E major – still thinking of a signal point*

• The final modulation, Modulation 6 (from E major to A major), happens just before “and all flesh” (A) -> “and all flesh” (T) -> “and all flesh” (B) i.e. just before the altos sing “and all flesh” echoed first by tenor and then bass in quick succession (LISTEN OUT FOR WHEN THE TEXTURE IS BRIEFLY REDUCED)

Photosynthesis Investigations for Chlorophyll, Carbon Dioxide, Light